PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

 COMMON SPECIFICATIONS

• Penetration Grade: This specification measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard needle will penetrate vertically under standard conditions of loading, time, and temperature. Penetration grades are commonly used for road construction and paving.
• Viscosity Grade: This specification measures the viscosity or flow resistance of bitumen at a specific temperature. Viscosity grades are commonly used for industrial applications, such as roofing, waterproofing, and adhesives.
• Performance Grade: This specification measures the physical properties of bitumen, such as stiffness, elasticity, and thermal susceptibility, that affect its performance in extreme weather and traffic conditions. Performance grades are commonly used for high-traffic highways and airports.
• Oxidized Bitumen: This specification refers to bitumen that has been chemically modified by adding air or oxygen to increase its softening point, durability, and aging resistance. Oxidized bitumen is commonly used for roofing, waterproofing, and insulation.
• Cutback Bitumen: This specification refers to bitumen that has been mixed with a solvent, such as kerosene or diesel, to reduce its viscosity and make it easier to handle and apply. Cutback bitumen is commonly used for spraying and painting applications.
• Polymer Modified Bitumen: This specification refers to bitumen that has been mixed with a polymer, such as styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), to improve its mechanical properties, such as toughness, flexibility, and adhesion. Polymer modified bitumen is commonly used for road construction, roofing, and waterproofing.

  STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

• API gravity: This refers to the measure of how heavy or light crude oil is, and is determined by its density relative to water. The API gravity scale ranges from less than 10 (very heavy) to more than 50 (very light).
• Sulfur content: Sulfur is a common impurity in crude oil that can cause environmental and health problems when burned. Therefore, the sulfur content in crude oil is often limited to a certain level (usually less than 0.5-3.5% depending on the region and regulations).
• Distillation range: This refers to the range of temperatures at which different components of crude oil evaporate. The distillation range is important for determining the yield and quality of different refined products.
• Pour point: This refers to the lowest temperature at which crude oil will flow, and is important for ensuring that crude oil can be safely transported and stored in cold climates.
• Viscosity: This refers to the resistance of crude oil to flow, and is important for determining the pumping requirements and ease of transportation.
• Asphaltene content: Asphaltenes are complex organic compounds that are a natural component of crude oil. High asphaltene content can lead to fouling and corrosion in refining equipment, so it is often limited to a certain level.
• Water and sediment content: Crude oil can contain water and sediment, which can cause operational problems during transportation and refining. Therefore, the water and sediment content is often limited to a certain level.

Overall, crude oil specification can vary depending on the region and the type of crude oil being produced. Oil producers, refiners, and traders must ensure that crude oil meets the required specifications to ensure safe and efficient transportation and processing.

 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

• Cetane number: This is a measure of the ignition quality of the fuel. EN590 requires a minimum cetane number of 51.
• Sulfur content: EN590 specifies a maximum sulfur content of 10 parts per million (ppm) for diesel fuel. This low sulfur content helps to reduce emissions of sulfur oxides, which can contribute to acid rain and air pollution.
• Density: EN590 requires a density between 820 and 845 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3). 
• Distillation characteristics: EN590 specifies the range of temperatures at which the fuel vaporizes during distillation. 
• Cold flow properties: EN590 sets limits on the cloud point and cold filter plugging point of diesel fuel. These parameters measure the temperature at which wax crystals begin to form in the fuel, which can cause clogging and other problems in cold weather. 
• Lubricity: EN590 requires diesel fuel to have a minimum lubricity of 460 micrometers, which helps to protect the fuel injection system from wear and damage.

•  STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

• Density at 20°C: 0.83 Min kg/m3, 0.85 Max kg/m3
• Color: 0.003 Min LB, 0.01Max LB
• Flash Point, PMCC: 57°C Min, 

62°C Max

• Pour Point: -10.0°C
• Cloud Point: -5.0°C
• Mercaptan Sulphur: 0.01 Max
• Acidity, mg/1000cm3: 5 Max
• Iodine Number: 6 Max G/100g
• Ash: 0.01% wt
• Total Sulphur: 0.02 % wt
• Copper Corrosion 3hrs at 50°C:Typical Min, 1A Max
• CCR on 10% Residues: 0.20 Max %wt
• Cetane Index: 45 Min
• Distillation Range:

50% Recovered Volume: 280°C

90% Recovered Volume: 360°C

• Bacteria MBC: 500 Max Fibre/it
• Bacteria FCU: 1000 Max Fibre/it
• Kinematic Viscosity at 20°C: 

3.0 Min CST

6.0 Max CST

Summer from March to October: PP 5.0°C

Summer from March to October: CP 0.0°C

Winter from November to February: PP 10°C

Winter from November to February: CP 5.0°C

 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

• Density: The density of Virgin Fuel Oil D6 typically ranges between 0.95 to 0.99 g/cm³. This high-density characteristic makes it a potent energy source, as it contains a substantial amount of energy per unit volume.
• Sulfur Content: Virgin Fuel Oil D6 has a sulfur content that typically falls within the range of 2.0 to 3.0 weight percent. This moderate sulfur content distinguishes it from lower quality fuel oils and makes it suitable for various industrial applications.
• Flash Point: The flash point of Virgin Fuel Oil D6 is usually above 60°C (140°F). This property ensures safe handling and transportation, reducing the risk of combustion during storage and distribution.
• Viscosity: D6 fuel oil exhibits a high viscosity, which means it is relatively thick and flows slowly compared to lighter fuels. This viscosity is crucial for certain industrial processes, ensuring optimal combustion and heat generation.
• Combustion Properties: Virgin Fuel Oil D6 offers a high calorific value, making it an excellent choice for power generation and industrial heating applications. Its efficient combustion provides a reliable and steady source of heat and power.
• Compatibility: D6 is generally compatible with various burners and fuel systems, allowing seamless integration into existing infrastructure across different industries.
   

 COMMON SPECIFICATIONS

• Octane rating: This is a measure of a gasoline's resistance to knocking or detonation in an engine. Higher octane ratings typically mean better engine performance and efficiency.
• Distillation range: Gasoline is made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons with varying boiling points. The distillation range specifies the temperature range over which a certain percentage of the gasoline's volume will boil.
• Vapor pressure: This is a measure of how easily the gasoline evaporates. High vapor pressure can lead to vapor lock in an engine's fuel system, while low vapor pressure can lead to starting difficulties in cold weather.
• Sulfur content: Sulfur in gasoline can contribute to air pollution and is regulated in many countries. Low-sulfur gasoline is often required for use in vehicles equipped with emissions control systems.
• Oxygen content: Some gasoline formulations may contain oxygenates like ethanol or MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether) to improve octane rating and reduce emissions. However, the use of oxygenates can also affect fuel economy and engine performance.
• Color and appearance: Gasoline may be dyed to indicate its intended use (e.g. red for off-road use) and may be required to meet certain appearance standards to prevent misfueling.

 2 TYPES OF JET FUEL:

• Jet A: Jet A is used in the United States and some other countries. It has a low freezing point of minus 40 degrees Celsius and a flash point of 38 degrees Celsius.
• Jet A-1: Jet A-1 is used in most parts of the world. It has a freezing point of minus 47 degrees Celsius and a flash point of 38 degrees Celsius.

JET FUEL SPECIFICATIONS

• Jet fuel specifications vary depending on the type of fuel and the region in which it is used. The most commonly used types of jet fuel are Jet A and Jet A-1. Jet A is used primarily in the United States, while Jet A-1 is used in most other parts of the world. Both types of fuel are kerosene-based and have similar specifications, but Jet A-1 has a slightly lower freezing point and a higher flash point than Jet A.
• The following are some of the key specifications for Jet A and Jet A-1 fuel:
• Density: Jet A fuel has a density of between 775 and 840 kg/m³ at 15°C, while Jet A-1 fuel has a density of between 775 and 840 kg/m³ at 15°C.
• Flash point: The flash point of Jet A fuel is a minimum of 38°C, while the flash point of Jet A-1 fuel is a minimum of 38°C.
• Freeze point: Jet A fuel has a freeze point of -40°C, while Jet A-1 fuel has a freeze point of -47°C.
• Sulfur content: The sulfur content in Jet A fuel is limited to 0.30% by weight, while the sulfur content in Jet A-1 fuel is limited to 0.10% by weight.
• Distillation range: The distillation range for Jet A fuel is between 160°C and 280°C, while the distillation range for Jet A-1 fuel is between 150°C and 300°C.
• These specifications ensure that the fuel is safe and meets the performance requirements of aircraft engines.

 LPG SPECIFICATIONS

• Propane content: Typically, LPG contains a mixture of propane and butane. The propane content of LPG can range from 50% to 100% depending on the application and the climate.
• Butane content: The butane content of LPG can range from 0% to 50%.
• Ethane content: Ethane is a minor component of LPG and usually makes up less than 5% of the total.
• Hydrogen sulfide content: LPG should have a low concentration of hydrogen sulfide, which is a toxic gas.
• Odorant: LPG is odorless, but an odorant is added to the gas to make it detectable in case of a leak.
• Pressure: LPG is stored under pressure, and the pressure varies depending on the application and the climate.
• Density: LPG is less dense than water, and its density varies depending on the propane and butane content.
• Calorific value: LPG has a high calorific value, which is a measure of its energy content. The calorific value of LPG varies depending on the propane and butane content.

 COMMON SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF LUBRICANTS AND THEIR INTENDED USE:

• Engine oils: a. Viscosity: Engine oils have a specific viscosity rating, which indicates how easily they flow. Common ratings include 5W-30 and 10W-40. b. Additives: Engine oils may contain additives like detergents, dispersants, and anti-wear agents to improve performance. c. API (American Petroleum Institute) Service Categories: These categories specify the performance requirements for different types of engines. The most recent categories are SN (for gasoline engines) and CK-4 (for diesel engines).
• Gear oils: a. Viscosity: Gear oils are designed to provide lubrication for gears and other mechanical components. They have specific viscosity ratings based on the application, such as 75W-90 or 80W-140. b. API Service Categories: Gear oils also have API Service Categories, such as GL-4 and GL-5, which specify the performance requirements for different types of gear systems.
• Hydraulic oils: a. Viscosity: Hydraulic oils have specific viscosity ratings based on the application. Common ratings include ISO 32 and ISO 46. b. Zinc content: Some hydraulic oils contain zinc to protect against wear and extend the life of hydraulic components. c. Fire-resistant: Hydraulic oils may be formulated to be fire-resistant for use in applications where fire risk is a concern.
• Greases: a. Base oil: Greases are composed of a base oil, thickener, and additives. The base oil may be mineral oil, synthetic oil, or a blend. b. Thickener: The thickener gives the grease its structure and determines its properties. Common thickeners include lithium, calcium, and polyurea. c. NLGI (National Lubricating Grease Institute) grade: Greases are rated on a scale of 000 to 6 based on their consistency. A higher NLGI grade indicates a thicker grease.

 COMMON SPECIFICATIONS

• Methane content: Natural gas is primarily composed of methane, so the methane content is an important specification. Typically, natural gas must contain at least 70% methane by volume to be considered pipeline quality gas.
• Non-methane content: Natural gas may also contain other hydrocarbons, such as ethane, propane, and butane, which are collectively known as natural gas liquids (NGLs). The non-methane content of natural gas can vary depending on the source of the gas.
• Heating value: The heating value of natural gas refers to the amount of heat that can be produced by burning a given volume of gas. The heating value of natural gas is typically expressed in British thermal units per cubic foot (BTU/cf).
• Density: The density of natural gas can vary depending on its composition and temperature. The density of natural gas is typically expressed in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft³) or kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³).
• Sulfur content: Natural gas may contain sulfur compounds, which can be harmful to the environment and to human health. The sulfur content of natural gas is typically expressed in parts per million (ppm).
• Moisture content: Natural gas may contain small amounts of moisture, which can cause problems in pipelines and other equipment. The moisture content of natural gas is typically expressed in pounds per million standard cubic feet (lb/MMscf).
• Impurities: Natural gas may contain impurities such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium, which can affect its properties and its usability. The maximum allowable levels of these impurities can vary depending on the intended use of the gas.

 COMMON SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF PETROCHEMICALS AND THEIR INTENDED USE:

• Olefins: These are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Olefins are used to produce a wide range of products including plastics, synthetic fibers, and detergents.
• Aromatics: These are hydrocarbons that contain a ring of carbon atoms with alternating double bonds. Aromatics are used to produce a variety of chemicals including solvents, dyes, and plastics.
• Alcohols: These are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. Alcohols are used in the production of solvents, antifreeze, and other chemicals.
• Ketones: These are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to two carbon atoms. Ketones are used in the production of solvents, polymers, and other chemicals.
• Acids: These are compounds that donate a hydrogen ion (H+) when dissolved in water. Acids are used in the production of fertilizers, plastics, and other chemicals.
• Esters: These are organic compounds that are formed by the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Esters are used in the production of fragrances, flavorings, and other chemicals.

 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

• Sulfur Content: ULSD contains a maximum of 15 parts per million (ppm) of sulfur. This is a significant reduction from the previous standard for low sulfur diesel, which contained up to 500 ppm.
• Environmental Benefits: The primary benefit of reducing sulfur content in diesel is to decrease emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx), which can contribute to acid rain and respiratory problems. Additionally, ULSD allows the use of advanced emission control systems in diesel vehicles, which can further reduce harmful emissions.
• Mandates: Many countries have mandated the use of ULSD. For instance, in the U.S., as of October 15, 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated that the majority of diesel fuel produced or imported be ULSD.
• Lubricity: Sulfur can provide some lubricity to diesel fuel, so the reduction in sulfur content can lead to reduced lubricity in the diesel fuel. To address this, additives might be used to restore the necessary lubricity to ULSD.
• Compatibility: Most modern diesel engines are designed to use ULSD. However, older diesel engines can also run on ULSD. If you have an older diesel vehicle, it’s essential to check if any modifications or precautions are needed.
• Cost: Initially, when the transition to ULSD was being made, there was a slight cost increase due to the refining processes required to remove sulfur. Over time, as the production infrastructure adapted and economies of scale were achieved, the price difference between ULSD and previous diesel types became less significant.